Impact response and simulation of damaged ulna with internal fixation.

The objectives of this work were to explore a methodology that combines static and dynamic finite element (FE) analysis, linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) and experimental methods to investigate a worst-case scenario in which a previously damaged bone plate system is subjected to an impact load. Cadaver ulnas with and without midshaft dynamic compression plates are subjected to a static three-point bend test and loaded such that subcritical crack growth occurs as predicted by a hybrid method that couples LEFM and static FE. The plated and unplated bones are then unloaded and subsequently subjected to a midshaft transverse impact test. A dynamic strain-based FE model is also developed to model the midshaft transverse impact test. The average value of the impact energy required for failure was observed to be 10.53% greater for the plated set. There appears to be a trade-off between impact damage and impact resistance when ulnas are supported by fixation devices. Predictions from the dynamic FE model are shown to corroborate inferences from the experimental approach.